Sankhani Tsamba

NKHANI

A 2025 Kuwongolera kwa Wogula: 6 Makina a Mankhwala Othandizira Misika Yakutuluka

Sep 6, 2025

The 2025 Buyer's Guide: 6 Strategic Chemical Product Categories for Emerging Markets

Chofupikitsa

Makampani apadziko lonse lapansi 2025 imadziwika ndi maunyolo osinthika ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pamapulogalamu apadera pamisika yamasamba. Chikalatachi chimawunikira zokwanira za magawo asanu ndi limodzi ogulitsa mankhwala oyenera mafakitale ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi: Mankhwala a Inorganic, Mankhwala Olengedwa, oonjezera, Mankhwala othandizira madzi, Zida zamankhwala, ndi zinthu zaobotale. Imawunika mfundo zofunika kwambiri, Kupanga Maganizo, ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za gulu lililonse, Kuchokera ku Chuma Chambiri chomwe chimapangitsa bedi lopanga kukhala zoyera kwambiri zomwe zimayendetsa asayansi. Zokambiranazo zimapangidwa kuti zithetse zovuta zomwe zatsala ndi ogula ku South America, Ndege Russia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, ndi South Africa. Poyang'ana magwiridwe antchito, Mphamvu Zamsika, ndi protocols yabwino yokhudzana ndi zinthuzi ndi zida, Bukuli limakhala lofanana ndi zothandizira akatswiri akufuna kukonza njira zawo, kukulitsa kugwira ntchito mwaluso, ndipo onetsetsani kuti mukugwirizana ndi mitundu yovuta kwambiri yamankhwala.

Makandulo Ofunika

  • Mvetsetsani gawo la maziko a mankhwala ochulukirapo muulimi ndi zomangamanga.
  • Dziwani Mikangano Yopanga Monga Nyumba Yomanga ya Olimer, mankhwala, ndi katundu wa ogula.
  • Ma lungamo gulu la okonda kugwiritsa ntchito bwino pokonza ndi mafakitale.
  • Kukhazikitsa njira zamadzi zothandizira kuti zitsimikizire kuti thanzi ndi mafakitale.
  • Sankhani zida zoyenera zamankhwala zochokera pakugwirizana ndi zinthu ndi ntchito.
  • Kukhazikitsa kuyera ndi kusamalira bwino mukamachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala.
  • Sankhani zida za laboratory ndi ma reagents omwe amatsimikizira kulondola pakufufuza komanso kuwongolera kwabwino.

M'ndandanda wazopezekamo

Kuyesedwa kwa Maziko a Mankhwala

Kafukufuku wa mankhwala atorvance, komanso kuwonjezera kupanga kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, imayimira imodzi mwa zipilala zakale kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri zamakampani. Zosakaniza izi, zomwe zimazungulira chinthu chilichonse chokhazikitsidwa ndi ma hydrogen-hydrogen, Pangani bedi lamphamvu yamakono. Mapulogalamu awo amaphatikizidwa kwambiri m'miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku kuti nthawi zambiri amadziwika, koma popanda iwo, ulimi, kumanga, kupanga, ndipo magawo ena owerengeka amangopukutira. Zoyang'anira ogula muzachuma mwachangu, Kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa gulu la mankhwalawa sikuti ndi lopindulitsa chabe; Ndilofunikira popanga mafakitale okhazikika komanso opikisana nawo.

Tiyeni tikambirane dziko lapansi lenilenilo. Minerals yochokera ku mchere wake, oxidiwa, sulfides, ndi Carbonams-ndi chakudya choyambirira cha ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Kusintha kwa zinthu zopangira izi kukhala zinthu zothandiza ndi kutchulidwa kwa anthu, Zokhudza njira zazikulu zomwe zakonzedwa kwazaka zambiri. Ganizirani za njira ya Haber-Bosch, zomwe zimaphatikizira ammonia kuchokera ku mlengalenga nayitrogeni ndi haidrogen. Zatsopanozi zimayatsidwa ndi kulimbikitsa gawo lalikulu la anthu padziko lonse lapansi popereka maziko a nayitrogeni kuti apange feteleza wosadzola (Mwemwetera, 2004). Scaleyo ndiyodabwitsa; mazana mamiliyoni a matani a ammonia amapangidwa pachaka, Kulimbikitsa mabizinesi osinthika ndikuonetsetsa chitetezo m'madera ochokera kumapiri a ku Brazil mpaka kuminda yaku Southeast Asia.

Gawo Lalikulu: Zambiri vs. Ma Inpornals apadera

Mukamayenda pamsika wa mankhwala a inric, Ndikofunika kujambula kusiyana pakati pa magulu awiri: Mankhwala Ochuluka Komanso Mankhwala apadera. Uku sikungokhala gawo loseketsa; Zimawonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakupanga, Kukhala Uliri, ika mtengo, ndi ntchito.

Mankhwala ochulukirapo ochulukirapo ndi mitanda ya mafakitale. Izi ndi zinthu zina ngati sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), clorine, ndi phosphoric acid. Amapangidwa mochuluka kwambiri, Nthawi zambiri mumaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu ya mankhwala, ndipo mitengo yawo imayendetsedwa ndi zopezeka padziko lonse lapansi ndipo zimafuna mphamvu, Mtengo Wamphamvu, ndi kupezeka kwazinthu. For a purchasing agent in the Middle East's burgeoning aluminum industry, Mwachitsanzo, kupulumutsa kokhazikika kwa caustic ndi koloko koloko ya bayor ndi vuto lalikulu. Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizinyamula zinthuzi nthawi zambiri, chitsulo, kapena mapaipi ndi gawo lalikulu la mtengo womaliza.

Kaonekedwe Mankhwala ochulukirapo ambiri Mankhwala a Inroganic
Kukula Wammwamba kwambiri (mamiliyoni a matani / chaka) Otsika pang'ono
Chiyero Kalasi yaukadaulo, zokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale Kutalika kwa ukhondo wautali
Mtengo Chotsika pa gawo lililonse, Kuyendetsedwa ndi misika ya katundu Kukwera gawo lililonse, Kuyendetsedwa ndi magwiridwe antchito
Mapulogalamu Chotanuka, Njira Zakumapeto (E.g., Ph, feteleza) Niche, magwiridwe antchito (E.g., mphalapala, utoto)
Zitsanzo Sulfuric acid, Gasi, Clorine, Caustic soda Titanium daoxide, Zewiti, Osowa kwambiri okhala

Mankhwala a Inroganic, motsutsana, Kodi pali amisiri apadziko lonse lapansi. Amapangidwa m'mawu ang'onoang'ono ndipo amangofunika kuchuluka kwawo koma chifukwa cha ntchito kapena njira zapadera. Ganizirani za utoto womwe umapereka utoto, mapulasitiki, ndi zolemba. Titanium daoxide (Tio2), Mwachitsanzo, ndi utoto woyera, yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha zowala ndi zowala. Magwiridwe ake amagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mawonekedwe ake a kristalo ndi kukula kwa tinthu, zinthu zomwe zimayendetsedwa bwino pakupanga. Wopanga utoto ku South Africa Stative Tio2 sangogula ufa woyera; Akugula kuthekera kokwaniritsa kuchuluka kwamphamvu yobisala ndi kulimba pakupanga kotsiriza. Zitsanzo zina zimaphatikizapo Zeolites omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphaka mu ma petroleum kuyeretsa, Zosowa zapadziko lapansi zimafunikira kwa maginito mu zamagetsi ndi ma turbines amphepo, ndi silicon yoyera kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga semiconductor Wart.

Ntchito zazikulu zomwe zimayendetsa mumisika yobwera

The demand for specific inorganic chemicals is a direct reflection of a region's industrial focus. Mwa kumvetsetsa kulumikizana uku, Ogula amatha kuyembekezera zochitika zamisika ndikugwirizanitsa njira zomwe amapeza moyenerera.

Paulimi waulimi monga Brazil ndi magawo a Southeast Asia, Kufunikira kwa feteleza zikuluzikulu ndi kwakukulu. Gasi, Monga tafotokozera, imapereka nayitrogeni. Phosphoric acid, kuchokera pathanthwe la phosphate, ndiye gwero la phosphorous. Potashi (potaziyamu chloride) ntchito potaziyamu. Izi zitatu zoyambirira za michere - n, Tsa, ndi k. Njira yopezera gawo ili silimaphatikizapo kungoyambitsa feteleza womalizidwa komanso yemwe amakhalanso ndi mankhwala, Kutengera luso lakomweko.

M'madera omwe akukumana ndi kutumphuka kwamizinda, monga mbali za Middle East ndi Russia, Makampani opanga omanga ndi ogula mankhwala a itorganic. Kupanga kwa simenti kumadalira calcium carbonate (mwala walayimu) ndi silika. Gypsum imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyimitsa, ndipo oxidio osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Colorants konkriti ndi njerwa. Siltium Siltings amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma Centerners a konkriti ndi zimbudzi.

Migodi ndi Matatalgical Makampani, Wotchuka ku South Africa ndi Russia, komanso ogwiritsa ntchito olemera. Sulfuric acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu hydrometsirurgy ya zotupa ngati mkuwa ndi uranium kuchokera kwa ores awo. Mchere wa Cyanade, Ngakhale anali ndi vuto komanso lolimba, khalani otsutsa agolide. Othandizira, Ambiri omwe ali mchere wopanda mafuta, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatula mchere wamtengo wapatali kuchokera ku Gangae.

Pomaliza, Kufunika kwa mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ku chithandizo chamadzi sikungafanane. Aluminium sulfate (chimbuku) Ndipo Ferric Chloride ndi coagulants wamba yomwe imathandizira kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosiyanasiyana, gawo loyamba lofunikira pakupanga madzi ofunika okumba m'matauni m'madzi onse akubwera (Bembra, 2016). Tionanso gawo lofunikali lofunika kwambiri pazinthu zambiri pambuyo pake. Kumvetsetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana izi ndikofunikira poyenda pamsika wovuta wa Mankhwala a Inorganic.

Kulima, Chitetezo, ndi kupezeka m'maganizo

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ntchito yovuta yoposa kungopeza mtengo wotsika kwambiri. Khalidwe ndi chofunikira. Chingwe cha phosphoric acid chodetsedwa ndi zitsulo zolemera zitha kukhala zowopsa kwa chakudya ndi chakumwa chogwiritsa ntchito ngati acidint. Woyang'anira wogula ayenera kuyimirira satifiketi yowunikira (Cyanja) Ndi kutumiza kulikonse, Kutsimikizira kuti malonda amakumana ndi zofunikira za kuyera, kuganizira, ndi zodetsa. Kugwira ntchito ndi othandizira otchuka omwe amasunga miyezo yolimba kwambiri.

Chitetezo ndi nkhawa yofanana. Mankhwala ambiri ochulukirapo ochulukirapo ndi owopsa. Sulfuric acid ndizambiri, chlorine ndi mpweya wa poizoni, ndipo caustic soda imatha kuyambitsa kutentha kwakukulu. Kugwira bwino, kusunga, ndi mayendedwe amayendetsedwa ndi malamulo okhwima komanso am'deralo. Ogula ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mitundu yawo yamitengoyi ndi yoyenerera kugwira katundu wowopsa ndikuti malo awo ali ndi zida zotetezeka, kuphatikizapo zida zoteteza (PPE), Makina amtundu wa stall, ndi mayankho anzeru mwadzidzidzi.

Makina owonjezera padziko lonse lapansi a Inrimonces ndi tsamba lovuta, Ogulitsa, ndi ogulitsa. Kwa ogula ku South America kapena Africa, Kukhazikitsa kuchokera ku mapangidwe akulu opanga ku China kapena Europe kumaphatikizapo kukonzekera kofunikira. Nthawi Zotsogolera, Ndalama Zotumizira, Maudindo a miyambo ayenera kukhala okwera mu mtengo wonse wa umwini. Malo opangira geopolititi 2025 amawonjezera mbali ina yosanjikiza, Ndi mfundo zamalonda komanso ubale wapadziko lonse womwe ungasokoneze. Njira yanzeru nthawi zambiri imaphatikizapo kusiyanasiyana pogulitsa malo osiyanasiyana okhala kuti muchepetse ngozi zakusokonekera, ntchito yomwe idakumana ndi ogawana mankhwala imatha.

Chilengedwe chonse cha mankhwala opangidwa

Ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mafupa a dziko la mafakitale, Kenako mankhwala opangidwa ndi thupi ndi thupi lake. Mtundu wa mankhwalawa, kufotokozedwa ndi kupezeka kwa ma atomu a kaboni, nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi hydrogen ndi zinthu zina, ndiye maziko a plastics, mafuta, za ma sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol so, mankhwala, Zolemba, ndi moyo womwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a atomu atomu - kuthekera kwake kokhala osakwatiwa, awira, ndi zomangira zitatu ndi zodzikongoletsera zokha ndi zinthu zina, zimapangitsa kuti mitundu yazoyenda, Kuchokera kwa Moleky yosavuta ya methane kupita ku zovuta zovuta zomwe zimapanga dziko lathu lamakono. Kwa akatswiri aliwonse omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kupanga kapena kupanga malonda, Kulemba kuwerenga kwamisala m'chinenedwe cha organic ndikofunikira.

Ulendo wa mankhwala otchuka kwambiri amayamba ndi mafuta osadukiza ndi mpweya wachilengedwe. Mu mtima woyaka moto wopepuka mafuta, Madeti a zikwangwani awa amalekanitsidwa ndi distillation kenako "osweka" -ble pansi, mamolekyu othandiza kwambiri. Njirayi imapereka malo ochepa omanga nyumba, Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa oyambira petrochemicals. Awa ndi magawo ofunikira omwe nyumba yonse yopanga majeremu amapangidwa. Chofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi Ethylene, maplozne, benzene, toluene, ndi xlenes. Mankhwala am'munsi awa amalumikizidwa ndi mtengo wamafuta, Kupanga msika wosanjikiza womwe umafuna kuwunika mosamala pogula akatswiri.

Kuchokera pakumanga kosavuta ku nyumba zovuta

Matsenga a umagwirira ntchito organicnic agona mu synthesis, luso lolumikizana ndi mamolekyulu ofunikira kwambiri komanso ofunika kwambiri. Ulendowu umatha kuwona ngati chingwe cholumikizidwa.

Pamlingo woyamba, Tili ndi zapakatikati. Izi ndi zina zopangidwa mwachindunji kuchokera pansi petrochemicals. Mwachitsanzo, Ethylene amatha kukhala oxidid kuti apange ethylene oxide, Chotsogola chachikulu cha Antifught (ethylene glycol) ndi ulusi wa polyester. Pulogalamu imatha kuchitika ndi benzene kuti apange chimbale, zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala phenol ndi acetone (Wittcoff, Rubeni, & Ochesuka, 2013). Kupanga makampani ku Russia kapena zojambula ku Brazil kudzakhala kugula kwakukulu kwamitundu yapakatikati. Njira yawo yogula idzayang'ana kwambiri mamolekyuluwa, Monga momwe ziliri mwachindunji pamachitidwe awo opanga ma core.

Kusunthira mmwamba mtengo wamtengo, Timakumana ndi ma polima ndi ma pulasitiki. Apa ndipamene umagwirira ntchito monga momwe zimakhalira zomveka kwambiri m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku. Kudzera mu polymerization, mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono (Monga ethylene kapena propylene) amalumikizidwa pamodzi m'maunyolo atali, Kupanga zida zokhala ndi katundu wodabwitsa. Polyethylene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafilimu ndi mabotolo. Polypropylene amapangidwa magawo a maofesi, zotengera, ndi ulusi. Polyvinyl chloride (Pvc) imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi, mafelemu a pawindo, ndi pansi. Mndandandawo umakula. Kwa wopanga katundu wa ogula, Kusankha kwa polymer ndi chisankho chodalirika, Mtengo Wowonjezera, kulimba, kusinthasintha, ndi mawonekedwe.

Pomaliza, pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri ndi mtengo wake, Timapeza mankhwala apadera. Gululi limaphatikizapo zopangira zam'madzi (APIs), mamolekyu ovuta omwe amapatsa mankhwala ochiritsira. Zimaphatikizaponso utoto ndi utoto womwe umakongoletsa dziko lathu, zonunkhira zomwe zimapangitsa mafuta athu ndi zoyeretsa zathu, ndi aharchemical omwe amateteza mbewu zathu. Kapangidwe ka mamolekyuluwa nthawi zambiri kumafuna zambiri, Njira Zovuta, ndipo kuyera kwawo ndi kofunikira kwambiri. Kukhazikitsa API kwa kampani ya mankhwala ku India, Mwachitsanzo, ndi njira yoyendetsedwa ndi miyezo yokhazikika modabwitsa, Kufuna zolemba zochulukirapo komanso zowunikira.

Mapulogalamu akupanga moyo wamakono ndi makampani

Kufikira kwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi ochulukirapo kotero kuti ndikosavuta kutchula zinthu zomwe sizikhudzidwa. Let's consider a few key sectors relevant to emerging economies.

Makampani ogulitsa ndi ogula kwambiri oyendetsa ma polic. Mafilimu osinthika opangidwa kuchokera ku polyethylene ndi polypropylene amateteza chakudya kuchokera ku suflage, Kukweza alumali moyo ndi kuwononga zinyalala - nkhani yofunika m'madera ambiri omwe akutukuka. Chiweto (Polyethylene Terephthate) Mabotolo amapatsa mpango wopepuka komanso wa shatterproof mpaka glass ya zakumwa. Monga misika yamaonemer imakula ku Southeast Asia ndi South America, Kufunikira kwa masinthidwe aluso komanso okwanira apitilizabe kukwera.

Mu gawo lagalimoto, Mankhwala olengedwa ndi ofunikira. Ma plastics ndi mitundu imathamangitsira zitsulo kuti muchepetse kulemera kwamagalimoto ndikusintha mphamvu yamafuta. Polypropylene amagwiritsidwa ntchito pompopompo, Polyirethanes kuti aping, ndi polybarbonation ya mawindo opepuka. The paints that protect the car's body are complex formulations of organic resins, za ma sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol sol so, ndi ma pigment. Matayala amapangidwa kuchokera ku opaleshoni yopanga, zomwe zilinso orlic orlic.

Makampani opanga ndi ovala bwino, Wolemba ntchito wamkulu m'maiko ngati vietnam ndi Bangladesh, Amadalira kwambiri zingwe zopangidwa kuchokera ku mankhwala opangidwa. Polyester ndi nylon ndi cholimba, Ornjale-osagwirizana, ndipo itha kukhala yopangidwa ndi katundu wina ngati chinyezi-chingwe chothamanga. Utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika modabwitsa, Mtundu wokhalitsa ku nsalu izi ndi zovuta kwambiri mamolekyulu, gawo lapadera la chemistry.

Mwina kwambiri, Makampani opanga mankhwala amadalira kwathunthu kapangidwe kake. Kuchokera kunthawi yamavuto osavuta ngati aspirin ku zovuta za antiretroviral omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza HIV / Edzi kumadera ngati South Africa, Kutha kupanga ndi kupanga mamolekyulu achilengedwe asinthira thanzi la anthu (Pandosi, 2013). Makampani omwe akumana ndi malonda m'derali, Monga nsembe , GWIRITSANI NTCHITO YABWINO POPHUNZITSIRA KULIMBITSA.

Kupanga mankhwala oyambira: Funso la kuyera ndi mgwirizano

Kulandila mankhwala onenepa kumafunikira diso lokhazikika mwatsatanetsatane ndi cholinga chomanga maubwenzi olimba. Mosiyana ndi mankhwala ambiri a itorganic, momwemonso" opangidwa ndi organic amatha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Kuyera nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, Kuyera kwa 99.9% kapena okwera mwina amafunikira, with strict limits on specific impurities that could be toxic or affect the drug's stability. Kwa zosungunulira mafakitale, Kuyera kochepa kungakhale kovomerezeka. Njira zowunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuyera, monga ma chromatography (Gc) kapena ma prematotography (Mtengo wa HPLC), ndi zida zodalirika za ulamuliro wabwino. Ogula ayenera kumvetsetsa ndikutanthauzira ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi ogulitsa.

Kusankha kwa woperekayo kulinso lingaliro lantchito. Chachikulu, Okhazikika Opanga Makina amapereka kudalirika ndi kukula, koma atha kukhala osinthika. Ochepera, Makampani apadera amatha kupatsa mamolekyulu apadera kapena kaphatikizidwe kazinthu, kupereka gawo lopikisana la makampani oyang'ana zatsopano. Kwa ogula m'misika yobwera, Kugwira ntchito ndi omwe ali ndi intaneti yapadziko lonse kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Omweomweko angathandize kuyenda zovuta zomwe zimachitika padziko lonse lapansi, onetsetsani kuti mulingo pa intaneti, ndi kupereka mwayi wofikira gawo lalikulu la mankhwala opangira mankhwala. Amakhala ngati mlatho pakati pa zomata zazikulu mu gawo limodzi la dziko lapansi ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana mafakitale ena.

Oonjezera: Maonera osawoneka bwino a zinthu zamakono

Mu gulu lalikulu la mankhwala ogulitsa, ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Nthawi zonse sangakhale ndi udindo wotsogolera, Koma kupezeka kwawo ndikofunikira kuti chiwemi chizichitika. Dzinalo "Woyambitsa" ndi portmamau wa "wothandizira," dzina losavuta kwa kalasi ya mamolekyulu okhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kuti musinthe dziko lapansi pamlingo pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a magawidwe osiyanasiyana - mafuta ndi madzi, madzi ndi mpweya, cholimba ndi madzi. Luso lapaderali limawapangitsa kuti azitha kuchapa zovala ndi shampoos mpaka pautoto, Zogulitsa, ngakhale kubwezeretsa mafuta.

Kumvetsetsa momwe ntchito zimagwirira ntchito, Tiyenera kuganiza ngati molekyulu. Ingoganizirani molekyulu ndi umunthu wogawanika. Gawo limodzi, "mutu," ndi hydrophilic, kutanthauza kuti kumafuna madzi. Nthawi zambiri polar kapena inoc ndikusungunuka mosavuta m'maiko am'madzi. Gawo linalo, Mchira "," ndi hydrophobic kapena lipophilic, kutanthauza kuti amawombera koma amakonda mafuta. Mchira uwu nthawi zambiri umakhala wamtali wa hydrocarbon.

Panopa, Chimachitika ndi chiani mukamayambitsa mamolekyulu ngati amenewa osakaniza mafuta ndi madzi? Zakumwa ziwirizi zimafuna kupatukana, monga anzanga oyandikana nawo. Molecule ya, komabe, amachita monga mkhalapakati. Mutu wake wa hydrophilic umakhala mosangalala, Pomwe mchira wake wa hydrophobic amasungunuka mu dontho lamafuta. Mwa kudzipatula pa mawonekedwe amafuta, Mamiliyoni a mamolekyulu azinthu izi amapanga chosanjikiza, Kuletsa bwino madontho amafuta kuchokera kumakomo ndikulekanitsa. Amapanga emulsion, kusakaniza kwa khola la zakumwa ziwiri zopanda kanthu. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya emulsization ndiye maziko a zinthu zambiri, Kuchokera ku mavalidwe a saladi owotchera madzi (lomaliza) utoto.

Banja la anayi: Kusankha Zowonjezera

Dziko Lonse la Orfacfants limakonzedwa m'mabanja anayi akuluakulu, Kutengera ndi magetsi a magetsi a hydrophilic mutu. Kumvetsetsa kagawidwe kameneka ndi gawo loyamba la mtundu uliwonse kapena katswiri wopeza kuti asankha chida choyenera pantchito.

Zoyenera Nkhondo Yamphawi Katundu wofunikira Ntchito Zodziwika Zitsanzo
Amisili Wosavomela Kuyeretsa bwino kwambiri, chithovu chachikulu Kuchapa zovala, sopo, shampoos Sodium Lauryl sulfate (Sls), Mzere alkylbenzene sulfonate (Las)
Chula Wosaipidwa Dinani, nsalu yofewetsa, anti-Static Nsalu zofatsa, Zowongolera tsitsi, mabotide Mitundu ya amonium ("Zamoyo")
Osakhala inic Palibe chindapusa Zabwino emulsization, chithovu chotsika, khola m'madzi olimba Zoyala zotsuka, utoto, chakudya emulsifiers Mowa Ethoxylates, Ma polysorbiates
Owatheritic Onse + ndi – Pang'ono pang'ono, Kukhazikika Kwabwino Mwana shampnoos, Zogulitsa Zaumwini Cocamidopyl betaine

Anionic surfactonts Kodi magwiridwe antchito oyeretsa. Gulu lawo lolakwika lija limawapatsa mwayi wosangalatsa (Kutha kwa DID) ndi kapangidwe ka thovu. Mzere alkylbenzene sulfonate (Las) ndi sodium louryl sulfate (Sls) ndi ufaiquous mu ufa wochapa, zamadzimadzi, ndi shampoos ambiri. Ali othandiza kwambiri komanso otsika mtengo kwambiri kuti apange, opanga zinthu zopanga katundu wogula zomwe amapanga misika yamagulu ngati Southeast Asia kapena South America. Zojambula zawo zazikulu ndi chidwi chawo pamadzi olimba; Calcium ndi magnesium manyowa m'madzi olimba amatha kuchita ndi anionic zochulukitsa, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake.

CARTIC Surfactants, ndi mutu wawo wolipiritsa, khalani ndi maluso osiyana. Chifukwa mawonekedwe ambiri, ngati tsitsi, malaya, ndi mabakiteterite makhoma, khalani ndi vuto lalikulu pa PH, zojambula zopatsa mphamvu zimakopeka mwamphamvu kwa iwo. Katunduyu amawapangitsa kukhala ofewetsa nsalu zabwino kwambiri ndi othandizira tsitsi, Pomwe amaika ochepa, mafuta opangira pamwamba. Kutha kwawo kusokoneza ma bacteria mabakiteriya kumawapangitsanso kufooka. Mitundu ya amonium ("Zamoyo") ndi zitsanzo zodziwika bwino kwambiri, opezeka m'matangongole tating'onoting'ono ndi oyeretsa antimicrobial, Gulu lazogulitsa ndikuyamba kukula kwa thanzi la anthu kumadera onse.

Osakhala Ogwiritsa ndi gulu la gululi. Osayang'anira, sizigwirizana kwenikweni komanso zogwirizana ndi zosakaniza zina. Sakhudzidwa ndi kuuma kwamadzi ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala thovu, chomwe ndi chofunikira kwambiri pamapulogalamu ngati zotsekemera zokhazokha kapena makina okwanira. Mphamvu zawo zazikulu zili m'malo a emulsization. Mowa Ethoxylates amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa utoto kuti uwonongeke matumba komanso mumitundu ya Agrochemical kuti ithandizire mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi madzi. Ma polysorba a Polysorbal ndi ma emulsifieers omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azisunga ayisikilimu osalala komanso kupewa mafuta kuti alekanitse mavalidwe saladi.

Owatheritic (kapena Zwitteric) oonjezera Kodi akatswiri ofatsa. Mamolekyu oyeretsa awa ali ndi vuto komanso loipa pa mawonekedwe awo, Ndi ngongole ya net kutengera ndi PH ya yankho. Mitundu iwiri iyi imawapangitsa kukhala ofatsa kwambiri pakhungu ndi maso. Pachifukwa ichi, Ndiosasankha kwa shampnoos, zoyeretsa kumaso, ndi zinthu zina zosamalira zomwe zimasamaliridwa ndi nkhawa yayikulu. Cocamidopyl betaine ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri. Pomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodula kuposa anzawo anionic, Kufatsa kwawo kumatsimikizira mtengo mu premium premium.

Kupitirira kuyeretsa: Mphamvu ya mafakitale ya okonda

Pomwe mankhwala ogula ndi ntchito yowoneka kwambiri, Zogwiritsa ntchito ndizofunikira, Ngati zochepa sizinachitike, Udindo Wogulitsa Kwambiri.

Mu utoto ndi zokutira, Zofunikira ndizofunikira pa ntchito zingapo. Amakhala ngati othandizira, Kuthandiza utoto umafalikira. Alinso ndi okonda kuwerengeka, Kusunga tinthu tating'onoting'ono tinthu tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa mtundu wa yunifolomu. M'maboti a Paterx, Iwo ndi mabwalo omwe amasunga ma polymer oyimitsa madontho oyimitsidwa m'madzi.

A Gawo la agrochemical imagwiritsa ntchito zopangira ngati maofesi am'matumbo ndi zitsamba za herbicice. Zosakaniza zambiri zimaphika ndi zinthu zamafuta omwe sizisakaniza bwino ndi madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Zowonjezera zimakhumudwitsa, onetsetsani kuti zitha kuchepetsedwa molunjika ndi kuwaza bwino. Amathandizanso kupanga mapangidwe ndikulowetsa masamba a chomera, kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chamankhwala.

Mu Makampani a mafuta ndi mafuta, Zogwiritsa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyitanidwa kuti abwezeretse mafuta (Wenara). Pambuyo njira zoyambirira komanso zachiwiri zidatulutsa mafuta ambiri momwe angathere, Kuchuluka kwakukulu kumatha kukhala osungidwa mu ma pores a miyala. Popukuta zowonjezera mu reservoir, Makampani a Mafuta amatha kuchepetsa mavuto pakati pa mafuta pakati pa mafuta ndi mwala, bwino "kutsukidwa" mafuta okhota ndikulola kuti abwezeretsedwe (Schram, 2000). Izi ndizofunikira makamaka m'malo okhwima m'magawo ngati Russia ndi ku Middle East.

Kusankha zowonjezera zoyenera ndi ntchito yovuta. Fomu Yofunika Iyenera Kulingalira za Ntchito Yofunikira (kuyeletsa, exsierman, kunyowa), malo opangira mankhwala (cho, Kuumitsa Madzi), Zowongolera Zowongolera (biodegradiity, kuopha), ndi, kumene, ika mtengo. Kumvetsetsa kwakuya kwa osiyana Mankhwala Othandizira ndizofunikira pakupanga kusankha koyenera.

Mankhwala othandizira madzi: Oyang'anira chinthu chofunikira kwambiri

Za zonse zofunikira pamoyo ndi makampani, Palibe Chofunika Kwambiri Kuposa Madzi. Koma, M'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, Kufikira Oyera, Madzi otetezeka ali kutali ndi zotsimikizika. Kuchuluka kwa Chiwerengero, makupalaonse, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndikuyika nkhawa zomwe sizinachitikepo pazinthu zatsopano zamadzi. Pankhaniyi, Gulu la mankhwala ogulitsa madzi amatenga gawo la kufunika kwakukulu. Mankhwalawa ndi owaika chete omwe amasungunuka amathiridwa madzi akumwa akumwa zakumwa zoumba ndikuchiritsa mafakitale kuti aletse kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Kwa maboma ndi mafakitale ku South America, Afilika, Middle East, ndi Southeast Asia, Kuwongolera kwamadzi sikungokhala cholinga cha chilengedwe; Ndi mwala wapamwamba wa thanzi la anthu komanso chuma chokhazikika.

Njira yamadzi chithandizo chamadzi ndiulendo wambiri, ndipo othandizira osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi iliyonse kuti athetse mavuto ena. Tiyeni tiyendetse madzi amtundu wamba wamadzi kuti amvetsetse gawo lililonse la mankhwalawa amasewera.

Kumasulira: Luso lochotsa mitambo

Chovuta chachikulu choyambirira pochiza madzi kuchokera kumtsinje kapena nyanja ndi Turbidity. Uku ndiye mitambo yoyambitsidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ngati silika, dongo, nsomba, ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhala ochepa kwambiri komanso opepuka kuti akhazikike pawokha. Kuwachotsa, Timagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zotchedwa kuphatikiza.

Kuphunzitsa ndi njira yolowera. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ndi vuto lalikulu, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azithana ndi wina ndi mnzake ndikuyimilira. Paragulant ndi mankhwala omwe ali ndi mtengo wolimba womwe umawonjezeredwa m'madzi. Ma coagulant ambiri ndi mchere wamchere, monga aluminium sulfate (chimbuku), Polyoluminim chloride (Pac), ndi Ferric chloride. Mukawonjezeredwa kumadzi, AWA ACHINYAMATA AMENE ANASINTHA CHITSITSO CHA SARDET TIPETED, kuwalola kuti ayambe kutsekera limodzi (Edzwald, 2011). Ingoganizirani ngati maginito ang'onoang'ono omwe amalepheretsa mphamvu zobwezera.

Gwedeza ndi gawo lazosonkhanitsa. Pambuyo pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, Madziwo amasakaniza modekha kuti awalimbikitse kuti agonjere, kupanga zokulirapo, Zotupa zolemera zotchedwa "Floc." Kuthandizira izi, malo owolokera nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa. Mabotolo okhala ndi ma polic. Mamolekyu otalika awa amakhala ngati ukonde, kuyika mipata pakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono ndikuwamanga kukhala akulu, Flakes. Zingwe zolemerazi zimatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta m'madzi kudzera mu stogation (kuwalola kukhazikika pansi) ndi kufinya. Kusankhidwa kwa combi yakumanja ndikuwongolera, Pamodzi ndi Mlingo Wawo Wokwera, ndi sayansi yovuta yomwe imatengera mawonekedwe a madzi osaphika, monga PH yawo, kutentha, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma turbidity.

Dika: Kupambana Nkhondo Yolimbana Nawo

Madzi akakhala omveka, Ntchito yotsatirayi ndikuchotsa zovulaza zilizonse zovulaza - mabakiteriya, maviya, ndi protozoa - yomwe ingakhalepo. Ili ndiye gawo la dissin, Cholepheretsa chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri pa matenda oyenda ngati cholera ndi typhoid.

Clorine ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwambiri padziko lapansi, Ndipo pazifukwa zomveka. Imakhala yogwira mtima motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zotsika mtengo, ndi, wapapita, Imasiya "yotsalira" ndende m'madzi. This residual chlorine continues to protect the water from re-contamination as it travels through the vast network of pipes to the consumer's tap. Chlorine amatha kuwonjezeredwa ngati mpweya (W2), Monga sodium hypochlorite (bulangeki yamadzi), kapena monga calcium hypochlorite (Mapiritsi olimba kapena magalamu). Kusankha nthawi zambiri kumadalira kukula kwa chomera cha mankhwala ndi malingaliro a chitetezo.

Komabe, chlorine palibe zovuta zake. Zitha kuchitira zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi kuti zisapangidwe zosafunikira (Ma dbps), zina mwazomwe zimaganiziridwa ma carcinogens. Sizothandizanso motsutsana ndi protozoana yokhazikika ngati Cryptosporidium.

Pazifukwa izi, Njira zina zosiyidwa zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito, Nthawi zambiri kuphatikiza ndi chlorine. Ozone (O3) ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuposa chlorine ndipo amagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi Cryptosporidium. It also has the added benefit of improving the water's taste and odor. Komabe, Ndiwokwera mtengo kwambiri kuti apange pa tsamba ndipo sasiya zotsalira, kotero ochepa chlorine nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa pambuyo pa otsakula. Ultraviolet (UV) chosalemera ndi njira ina yamphamvu yosiyiratu. Povumbulutsa madzi kuti azikula kwambiri, Zithunzi za ma genetic zimawonongeka, kuwapatsa mwayi wokhoza kubereka. Monga ozone, UV sapereka zotsalira, momwemonso amatsatiridwanso ndi chlorination.

Mankhwala apadera: Kulankhula ndi zodetsa zodetsa

Kuposa kumveka ndi kuyika, Mankhwala ena ambiri amadzimadzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyankha nkhani zapamwamba zamadzi.

Mawu kusintha: PH ya madzi ndi osinthika omwe amakhudza njira zina zambiri chithandizo, kuphatikizapo kuphatikizika ndi kuyika. Zimakhudzanso kutupa mu neipe. Layimu (calcium hydroxide) kapena caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa kuti akweze PH, pomwe asidi monga sulfuric acid kapena carbon dioxide akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsitsa.

Zotupa zamkati: Kuteteza mapaipi kuti azikhala ndi zitsulo zoponya ngati kutsogolera ndi mkuwa mu madzi akumwa, zotupa zamkati nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa. Orthophosphasphate ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino; amapanga filimu yoteteza mkati mwa mapaipi.

Fluoridation: M'madera ambiri, Mafuta a fluoride amawonjezeredwa kumadzi muyezo wolamulidwa mosamala kuti ateteze mizere yamano, kulowererapo kwakukulu kwaumoyo.

Chithandizo chamadzimadzi: Mafakitale amafunika madzi kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana, Kuyambira nsanja zozizira ndi boilers kuti musinthe madzi omwe amakumana ndi zokhudzana ndi zinthu. Mankhwala omwe amafunikira amafunikira kwambiri. Zolepheretsa zopinga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa kulimbitsa michere m'mapaipi ndi owasalika. Mabotide (osiyana ndi kumwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kukula kwamankhwala mu makina ozizira. Zodalirika zodalirika Mankhwala othandizira madzi ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi luso komanso chitetezo cha mafakitale.

Kupanga mankhwalawa kumafunikira mgwirizano ndi wopulumutsa yemwe amamvetsetsa mtundu wotsutsa wa pulogalamuyi. Madzi akumwa muukapolo, Zogulitsa ziyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yoyera (Monga NSF / ANI 60 Ku United States) Kuonetsetsa kuti sayambitsa zodetsa nkhawa. Wosunga chidziwitso ungapereke chitsimikizo chofunikira komanso chithandizo chaukadaulo kuti chitsimikizire kuti choyenera chimasankhidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito yoyenera, Kuteteza katundu waumoyo wa anthu onse azaumoyo komanso mafakitale.

Kapangidwe ka mankhwala, pamlingo wa mafakitale, ndichinthu chochita. Zimachitika mkati mwa njira yotsekika yolowera mosamala, mapaipi, mapapu, ndi zilonda. Zojambula Zathupi Izi, Amadziwika ngati zida zamankhwala, ndi gawo lomwe limachitika pamoyo wa mankhwala opanga mafakitale amachitika. Kampani imamanga chomera chatsopano kapena kukweza omwe alipo ku Russia, Brazil, kapena Middle East, Kusankhidwa ndikugula kwa zida izi ndi zina mwa zisankho zotsutsa kwambiri zomwe adzapanga. Zida zolondola zimatsimikizira mphamvu, chitetezo, ndi mtundu wazogulitsa; zida zolakwika zimatha kuyambitsa mabotolo, Zolephera Zowopsa, ndi kuwononga ndalama.

Ichi ndi mtundu wa mankhwala a mtundu wina. Sitikulankhulanso za ufa ndi zakumwa, Koma za chitsulo, galasi, ndi makina ovuta. Koma, Mfundo Zosankhidwa Mosamala, chitsimikizo chadongosolo, ndi kumvetsetsa kugwiritsa ntchito ndikofunikira. Let's examine some of the key pieces of equipment that form the heart of a chemical plant.

Wayankheto: Mtima wa njirayi

Makina a mankhwala ndi pomwe matsenga amachitika. Ndi chombo chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chikhale ndi mankhwala, kupereka mikhalidwe yoyenera, kukakamiza, ndi kusakaniza - kwa zinthu zopangira kuti zisandulidwe kukhala zinthu. Zojambula zomwe zimabwera m'malo ovuta, chilichonse chogwirizana ndi mtundu wina.

Batch gwiritsani ntchito ndi mtundu wosavuta kwambiri. Ndi akulu, akanks olimbikitsidwa. Zida zopangira zimakwezedwa, Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitheke kwa nthawi yayitali, kenako zinthuzo zimatha. "Kuyimilira" Njira ndiyabwino pakupanga pang'ono, kupanga zinthu zingapo zosiyanasiyana mu zida zomwezi, ndipo chifukwa cha zovuta kapena zovuta. Kupanga kwa mankhwala ndi apadera pafupipafupi kumadalira pa batch.

Kupitilira (Matalala) gwiritsani ntchito mosalekeza. Ma reaction amasungidwa mu riyakitala, ndipo osakaniza wopanga amachotsedwa nthawi zonse. Amakhala osakanizidwa, kotero mikhalidwe mkati ndi yunifolomu. CSSS ndichabwino kwambiri pazinthu zambiri zomwe zimachitika komanso ndizofunikira kwambiri pakupanga kwakukulu komwe kusanthula ndi kiyi.

Pulani zojambula (Ma pfrs), Amadziwikanso kuti Tublaurs, Mapaipi ataliatali kapena machubu. Ma reaction amathandizidwa mosalekeza kumapeto kwake ndikuyenda kutalika kwa chitoliro, Kuchita pamene akupita. Mosiyana ndi CSTR, Palibe kusakaniza pang'ono motsatana. Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kwambiri kwa mpweya wambiri kwa gasi komanso kuchuluka kwa magawo, monga omwe amapezeka ku Stutrochemical.

Kusankhidwa kwa riyakitala ndi lingaliro logwira ntchito. Koma kwa katswiri wogula, Malingaliro ofunikira ndi nkhani zomanga ndikutsatira zikwangwani. Zinthuzo ziyenera kupirira chilengedwe cha mankhwala, komanso kutentha kogwira ntchito ndi kupanikizika. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndizosankha wamba, Koma chifukwa cha zinthu zopweteka kwambiri ngati acid olimba, Zowonjezera zochulukirapo kapena zitsulo zokhala ndi galasi zitha kukhala zofunikira. Zipangizo ziyenera kupangidwa ndikupangidwa malinga ndi miyezo yodziwika bwino (monga asme boiler komanso code ya Vessel) Kuonetsetsa kuti itha kugwira ntchito mosavuta.

Zida zopatukana: Luso la Kuyeretsa

Mankhwala ochepa amapita 100% Kumaliza kapena kupanga chinthu chomwe mukufuna. Kutulutsa kuchokera ku riyakitala pafupifupi nthawi zonse kusakaniza komwe kumakhala ndi malonda, Zosavomerezeka zopangira, ndi zochokera. Ntchito yolekanitsa izi m'malo mwa zinthu zoyera zimagwera ku zida zolekanitsa.

Mizere Yapadera Kodi makonda azovuta zamakampani, Makamaka mu Refordies ndi Stutrochemical mbewu. Amasiyanitsa zigawozo malinga ndi kusiyana kwa malo awo owotcha. Osakaniza amatenthedwa pansi pamtundu wautali. Zosasinthika kwambiri (ndi mfundo zotsika) vumba, Nyamuka mzere, ozizila, ndipo amasonkhanitsidwa, Ngakhale zigawo zosasunthika zimakhalabe ngati zakumwa ndipo zatulutsidwa pansi.

Zosempha amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatulira tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuchokera ku madzi kapena mpweya. Amasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zosefera zosavuta ku matenda osokoneza bongo a membrane. Centerrifi gwiritsani ntchito kuzungulira kwambiri kupita kumalo osiyanitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa kachulukidwe, monga kupatula ma kristal ozungulira kuchokera ku mowa wamadzimadzi. Madzimadzi amadzimadzi amagwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kuti asungunuke ndikuchotsa chinthu chomwe mukufuna kuchokera osakaniza.

Kwa woyang'anira wopeza, Zipangizo zolekanitsa zimaphatikizapo kutchulanso zomwe mukufuna. Kodi chomaliza chimayenera kukhala choyera bwanji?? Kuchuluka kwa mtengo wokwera? Zinthu zomanga zimayambitsanso, Monga momwe mphamvu yamagetsi imathandizira. Kupachililo, makamaka, ndi mphamvu kwambiri, Chifukwa chake cholumikizira chothandiza kwambiri chingapangitse ndalama zochulukirapo pamoyo wa chomera (Waulendo wanyanja, Wozagwa, Lewin, & Dandaganga, 2017).

Chida cha Accillary: Kugwirizira

Chomera cha mankhwala sichoposa zomwe zimangochita ndi mizati. Chida chonse cha zikuluzikulu za anillary chimafunikira kuti zitheke.

Mapapu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusuntha zakumwa kudzera m'mapaipi. The choice of pump depends on the fluid's viscosity, kuphimba, ndi kukakamizidwa kofunikira ndikuwotcha. Mapampu a Centrifugal ndiofala kwa madzi otsika, pomwe mapampu osakanikirana amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati madzi akumwa kwambiri kapena poyenda moyenera.

Osinthanitsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kapena mitsinje yozizira. Ndizofunikira pakuwongolera kutentha kwamphamvu komanso kuchira, which improves the plant's overall efficiency. Kutentha kwa zipolopolo ndi-tubula.

Kupukutira ndi Mavavu Pangani dongosolo lozungulira la mbewu, Kuwongolera kayendedwe ka mankhwala kuchokera ku gawo limodzi. Kusankha kwa mapaipi ndi kofunikira monga momwe amathandizira. Ma Valves akufunika kuyamba, Imani, ndikuwongolera mayendedwe.

Mukamakhazikitsa zida izi, Makamaka pamisika pakupanga chuma, ndikofunikira kuti musangoganizira mtengo woyambirira wogula koma mtengo wonse wa umwini. Izi zikuphatikiza mtengo wa kuyikapo, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Magetsi, kupitiliza, ndi kupezeka kwa magawo. Pampu yotsika mtengo yomwe nthawi zambiri imasweka kapena komwe imavuta kupeza ku South Africa imatha kukhala yokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa unit yokwera. Kuyanjana ndi Wothandizira yemwe sangawapatse zida zokha komanso thandizo laukadaulo ndi gawo lodalirika ndi njira yabwino kwambiri. Okwanira Mwachidule za zinthu imatha kupereka mfundo yoyambira pozindikiritsa zida zomwe zingakhalepo.

Zoyenera zamiyendo ya labotale: Appraratus ndi ma reagents

Kutali ndi mizere yotalikirapo ndi zovuta zopanga zopanga zimachepa, koma osatsutsa, dodain: labotale. Labotale ndi ubongo wa bizinesi yamankhwala. Ndi komwe zatsopano zimapangidwa pakufufuza ndi chitukuko (R&D), komwe zida zopangira zimayesedwa, Komwe njira zopangira zimayang'aniridwa, ndipo pomwe chinthu chomaliza chimatsimikiziridwa kuti mukwaniritse makasitomala. Ntchito yomwe idachitika pano imafunikira molondola komanso kudalirika komwe kumatsimikizira kukula kwakukulu kuposa pamenepo pabzala pansi. Kuchita bwino kumeneku kumamangidwa pa zipilala ziwiri: Laboratory Apprararatus ndi Zowongolera za labotale. Magawo awiriwa kwambiri okhudzana ndi mankhwalawa ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zamalonda ndi akatswiri.

Pa kampani iliyonse, kuchokera ku kampani ya mankhwala ku India kupita ku chakudya chopanga chakudya ku Brazil, Khalidwe la ntchito zawo labotale ndikuwonetsa mwachindunji kuti awonongedwe. Muyeso wolakwika kapena wotsutsa wodetsedwa ungayambitse kuwonongeka koyenera kwa madola mamiliyoni a madola, Kumbukirani Kukumbukira, kapena ngakhale vuto laumoyo.

Zida za Laboratory: Zida zoyezera ndi kupukusa

Labotale ya labotale imanena za zida zathupi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira ntchito mankhwala. Mitundu ndi yayikulu, kuchokera ku zovuta zagalasi pazinthu zowunikira kwambiri.

Galasi ndi pulasitiki: Ophika, Zithunzi, Mapaipi, ndi zidutswa zowonongeka kwambiri mu labu iliyonse. Ngakhale zikuwoneka zosavuta, Zinthu Zoyenera Kwambiri. Laboratore galasi nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi galasi la mabowo (ngati pyrex® kapena duran®), zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi kuwonda kwamafuta ndi kuwukira kwa mankhwala. Kwa ma voltotric galasi, monga voltivetric flasks ndi ma pipettes, Kulondola kwa zoyeserera ndikofunika. "Kalasi a" galasi, Mwachitsanzo, imatsimikizidwa kuti ikwaniritse kulondola. Mzaka zaposachedwa, Mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri opangidwa ndi zida ngati polypropylene ndi PFA watchuka chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake komanso kukana kuswa.

Zida zoyambira za benchtop: Labu iliyonse imakhala ndi zida zingapo zofunika za benchtop. Zowunikira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polingalira moyenera, nthawi zambiri mpaka magawo anayi kapena asanu. PH Meters amagwiritsidwa ntchito polowa molondola acidity. Mapulogalamu otentha ndi oyambitsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito potentha komanso kusakaniza mayankho. Ma Hods a fume ndi zida zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimateteza ogwira ntchito a Lab kuchokera ku zowopsa.

Chida: Apa ndipamene mphamvu ya labotale yamakono yagonadi. Zida zowoneka bwino izi zimalola opanga ma chemimication kuti azindikire ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili ndi chidwi ndi tanthauzo.

  • SEPROPOTOTOTOTOTOTOTOTOMOTOMETES (UV-W, Ndi, Aa) Fotokozerani momwe chinthu chimalumikizirana ndi kuwala, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kukhazikika kwake kapena kuzindikira kapangidwe kake.
  • Chromatophy (Gc, Mtengo wa HPLC) ndi zida zolekanitsidwa mwamphamvu. Amalekanitsa zosakaniza zovuta m'magawo ake, zomwe zitha kuzindikirika ndikukhazikika. Kampani ya chakudya imatha kugwiritsa ntchito HPLC kuti muyeze mavitamini pazogulitsa zake kapena kuyang'ana zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
  • Misa sportrometers nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa ndi chromatograph (Gc-ms, LC-MS). Amakhala ngati "wotchinga bwino kwambiri"," kuyeza mamolekyulu ndi zidutswa zawo, Kulola kuzindikiritsa kotsimikizika kwa zinthu zosadziwika.

Polalikira labotato, Malingaliro ofunikira ndi olondola, kudalirika, ndi ntchito. Chifukwa cha chida chowunikira, the manufacturer's specifications for accuracy, chidule, ndipo malire omwe amawunikira. Koma moyenera basi ndi chithandizo cha malonda pambuyo. Kodi othandizira amatha kupereka kukhazikitsa, kuphunzitsa, ndi ntchito zokhazikika? Chromatograph yokwera mtengo imakhala yopanda pake ngati siyikhala yosungidwa bwino kapena ngati palibe amene akudziwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito molondola. Ichi ndiye lingaliro lofunikira kwambiri pamadera akutali.

Zosintha za labotale: Kuyera kwa Lonjezoli

Ngati zida zimapereka njira yoyezera, Zowongolera za labotale ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita mayeso a mankhwala. Kukonzanso ndi mankhwala aliwonse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kuwunika kwa labotale kapena kaphatikizidwe. Chofunikira chofunikira kwambiri cha malo opangira labotale ndi chiyero chake. Kukhalapo kwa ngakhale zodetsa kumatha kusokoneza mayeso, Kutsogolera ku zotsatira zoyipa. Wodalirika kapangidwe kake nthawi zonse zimapereka malangizo atsatanetsatane kwa zodzikongoletsera zawo.

Kuthana ndi izi, Zoyeserera zimagulitsidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana oyera. Kuzindikira maphunziro awa ndikofunikira kwa manejala iliyonse ya labu kapena kugula kwa ogula.

  • Kalasi yaukadaulo: Ichi ndi gawo lochepa kwambiri, yoyenera mafakitale ambiri kapena labu yopanda yoyipa yogwira ntchito ngati mafuta oyeretsa, Koma nthawi zambiri osayezetsa.
  • Wokonzanso kalasi (kapena zowunikira, AR): Uwu ndi kalasi yapamwamba kwambiri yoyera kwambiri yopenda kwambiri komanso ya labotale. A American Ficy Society (Acts) imakhazikitsa mawonekedwe a mankhwala ambiri ogulitsa, ndi kalasi ya "ACS yolembedwa" imatsimikizidwa kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yapamwamba iyi (American fixem Society, 2017). Ili ndiye kalasi yantchito yamiyendo yambiri.
  • HPLC kalasi, Kalasi ya Spectro: Awa ndiwo ma premirity apamwamba kwambiri omwe atsukidwa mwachindunji komanso kuyesedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito ndi zida zowunikira. Mwachitsanzo, Kusungunuka kwa HPLC, Kupewa kusokoneza kuwunika.
  • Miyezo: Awa ndi zinthu za ultra-zodziwika. Samagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa wamba koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku calbibu yowunikira ndikutsimikizira njira zowunikira. Ndiwo chizindikiro chachikulu chotsutsana ndi miyeso ina yomwe ikufanizidwa.

Kuwongolera koyenera kwa Zosintha za labotale ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la ntchito yabwino yabotale (Wethpera). Izi zikuphatikiza kuonetsetsa kuti amasungidwa moyenera (E.g., ena ayenera kuphika kapena kutetezedwa ku kuwala), kuti zimalembedwa momveka bwino ndi tsiku lomwe adalandilidwa ndikutsegulidwa, ndi kuti sagwiritsidwa ntchito kale tsiku lawo. Satifiketi Yowunikira (Cyanja) pa batch iliyonse ya rements iyenera kusungidwa pa fayilo, kupereka mbiri yolembedwa ya mtundu wake.

Kwa labotale, Kusankha kwa othandizira ku APARANUS ndi ma reagents ndi chisankho chokhazikitsidwa. Wotsatsa ayenera kutsimikizira mtundu ndi kusasinthika kwa zinthu zawo, Patsani zolemba zokwanira, ndikupereka thandizo laukadaulo pakafunika kutero. Mdziko la labotale, Palibe malo osonyeza kuti. Kukhulupirika kwa chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimasiya mafakitale kumadalira kukhulupirika kwa miyendo yomwe yapangidwa mkati mwa makhoma anayiwo.

FAQ

Kodi ndi mitundu iti yopanga mankhwala omwe ndiyenera kudziwa za? Magawo oyamba a mankhwala ofunikira pamakampani ndi sayansi amaphatikizanso mankhwala ochulukirapo (Monga asidi ndi zitsulo), Mankhwala Olengedwa (maziko a mapulaneti ndi ma prormaceuticals), oonjezera (ogwiritsa ntchito oyeretsa ndi ma emulsifiers), Mankhwala othandizira madzi (poyeretsa), Zida zamankhwala (wagwira, mapapu), ndi zinthu zaobotale (AppAratos ndi zoyera zapamwamba).

Kodi ndingasankhe bwanji pakati pa ambiri komanso mankhwala a inderan? Kusankha kumatengera ntchito yanu. Mankhwala ochulukirapo ochulukirapo ngati sulfuric acid kapena caustic soda amapangidwa m'mawu ambiri ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale omwe ali ndi mtengo waukulu. Mankhwala a Inrictic a Inrictic ngati othandizira oyeza kwambiri kapena utoto wosankhidwa kuti azichita zinthu zina, komwe ntchito imalungamitsa mtengo wapamwamba.

Kodi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ndi chiyani mukamacheza ndi mankhwala opangira mankhwala? Kuyera ndi chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri. Zosakaniza zopangira zam'madzi (APIs) ndipo zapakatikati zimayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yayikulu kwambiri yoyera, nthawi zambiri zopitilira 99.9%, Ndi malire okhwima pazinthu zina. Kuyambitsa kumafuna kuwongolera koyenera, Zolemba zambiri ngati chikalata chowunikira (Cyanja), ndikugwira ntchito ndi othandizira omwe amatsatira machitidwe abwino kupanga (Gla).

Chifukwa chiyani pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya okonda monga anionic komanso osakhala inic? Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya okonda zimakhala ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito ntchito zina. Anionic surfactonts ndi abwino kwambiri kuyeretsa ndi kuwononga otchinga. Zojambula zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati vatirite ndi kuthira mafuta. Osagwirizana ndi ionic ogwiritsa ntchito ndi ma emulsifiers akuluakulu ndipo amakhala okhazikika m'madzi olimba, kuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa zopaka ndi zotsekemera zokha. Ma barfactonts oyendetsa minda amayamikiridwa chifukwa cha kufatsa kwawo pazinthu zosamalira anthu ngati mwana wa shampoo.

Kodi ndingagwiritse ntchito mankhwala omwewo pochiza madzi ndi madzi otayidwa? Pomwe mankhwala ena amakonda ma coagula (chimbuku, Ferric chloride) amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zonse ziwiri, Njira zonse zothandizira komanso zosankha zamankhwala zimatha kusiyanasiyana. Kumwa madzi amamwa kumayambiranso kuchepa komanso kuchotsedwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chithandizo cha madzi otayika mafakitale chimangoyang'ana pochotsa zodetsa (ngati zitsulo zolemera kapena zolimbitsa thupi) opangidwa ndi mafakitale a mafakitale kuti atsatire malamulo a chilengedwe.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa reagent ya labotale ndi mankhwala ofananira? Kusiyana kwake ndikoyera komanso mulingo wazowongolera. Zosintha za labotale, Makamaka kapena hplc sukulu, amapangidwa kukhala muyezo wokwera kwambiri wokhala ndi zotsimikizika zotsimikizika za zosatsimikizika zomwe zingasokoneze mayeso a labotale. Amatsagana ndi satifiketi yatsatanetsatane. Mankhwala a mafakitale amapangidwa kuti azichita ntchito, ndipo mawu awo oyera amakhala okhwima.

Mukamagula zida zamankhwala, Chofunika kwambiri ndi chiyani: mtengo kapena mtundu? Ngakhale mtengo woyamba ndi lingaliro, Kuyang'ana pamtengo kwathunthu waumwini ndi njira yotalikirapo. Zida zapamwamba, Ngakhale malo okwera mtengo, Nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa zowononga mphamvu, kuchepetsedwa kukonza ndalama, nthawi yopuma, komanso moyo wogwira ntchito. Zida zotsutsa, Kudalirika ndi chitetezo, zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri, iyenera kukhala yokhazikika pamtengo wotsika kwambiri.

Mapeto

Kuyenda Padziko Lonse Lapadziko Lonse Lakubala 2025 imafuna kungomvetsetsa bwino kwa mtengo ndi kupezeka. Imafuna zakuya, Kuyamikirana Kwambiri kwa Makhalidwe ndi Mapulogalamu Aakulu Akuluakulu Ogulitsa. Kuchokera pamaziko a mororganic omwe amapanga mizinda yathu ndikudyetsa anthu athu, kwa mamolekyulu owoneka bwino omwe amapanga mankhwala athu ndi zinthu, Gulu lirilonse limapereka zovuta zapadera komanso mwayi. Kugwira ntchito kwa okonda poyeretsa ndi mafakitale, Udindo Wovuta Kwambiri Mankhwala othandizira madzi pakuteteza thanzi la anthu, Ukadaulo wa Chovala Cha Mankhwala, Ndipo kuwunika kosasunthika kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika zonse zimathandizira kuti pafalitsidwe yamakono. Kwa akatswiri pamisika yakubwera, njira yoyesera yothandizirana ndi yomwe imakhazikika, chitetezo, Mgwirizano wamphamvu komanso njira yotsimikizika yolimbikitsa, onetsetsani kulimba mtima, ndi kukwaniritsa kukula kokhazikika. Thestery wa madera awa ndi, mosiyanasiyana, Thestery wa nyumba yomanga ikupita patsogolo.

Maumboni

American fixem Society. (2017). Kukonzanso mankhwala: Zojambula ndi njira zopangira zowongolera (11th ed.). American fixem Society.

Bembra, J. (2016). Kuphatikizika ndi kuwongolera m'madzi ndi chithandizo chamadzi (3rd Ed.). Kufalitsa. https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780407500

Edzwald, J. K. (Ed.). (2011). Madzi ndi chithandizo: Buku Lomwe Amamwa Madzi Akumwa (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Pandosi, G. L. (2013). Mafala Akutoma Nawo (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Schram, L. L. (Ed.). (2000). Oonjezera: Zofunikira ndi Ntchito Zogwiritsa Ntchito Makampani a Petroleum. Kanikizani yunivesite ya Cambridge.

Waulendo wanyanja, W. D., Wozagwa, J. D., Lewin, D. R., & Dandaganga, M. (2017). Zogulitsa ndi ndondomeko zopangidwa: Kaphatikizidwe, kufufuza, ndi kuwunika (4th ed.). Woonda.

Mwemwetera, V. (2004). Kupindulitsa Dziko Lapansi: Fritz haber, Carl Bosch, ndi kusintha kwa chakudya padziko lapansi. Ndikusindikiza.

Wittcoff, H. A., Rubeni, B. G., & Ochesuka, J. M. (2013). Mankhwala Olengedwa ndi Mafakitale (3rd Ed.). Woonda. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118590133

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