acetic acid chemical formula

Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic monobasic acid with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a distinctive pungent odor and a freezing point of 16.6°C (62°F). In its pure, anhydrous form, known as glacial acetic acid, it solidifies into a colorless crystal. This acid is widely distributed in nature, found in fruits, vegetable oils, animal tissues, excreta, and blood, either as esters or free acids.

Features

Chemical Properties: Acetic acid is a weak carboxylic acid, meaning it partially dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+) and acetate ions (CH3COO-). This property gives it a mildly acidic pH of around 2.5, contributing to its characteristic sour taste.

Purity: Industrial-grade glacial acetic acid boasts a high purity level of 99.85%, ensuring minimal impurities such as moisture (≤0.07%), formic acid (≤0.003%), acetaldehyde (≤0.01%), and evaporation residue (≤0.003%).

Stability and Corrosion: While its aqueous solution is highly corrosive to metals, proper inhibition can minimize corrosion even at elevated temperatures. Acetic acid differs from hydrochloric acid in its mode of corrosion, causing a slight uniform removal of steel rather than pit corrosion.

Safety Considerations: Despite its usefulness, acetic acid is an irritant to eyes and nose, and should be handled with care to avoid direct contact with skin and eyes.

Applications

Food Industry: Acetic acid is a common ingredient in condiments like vinegar, mustard, and ketchup, enhancing flavor and extending shelf life. It is also used in the production of pickles, giving them their characteristic tangy taste.

Chemical Production: As a versatile chemical, acetic acid serves as a starting material for the synthesis of various compounds such as acetate esters, acetamides, and acetylated derivatives. It is also used in the production of polymers and other chemicals.

Household and Industrial Cleaning: Its antimicrobial properties make acetic acid a popular choice in household cleaners and disinfectants. It can effectively remove stains, odors, and hard water deposits.

Oil and Gas Industry: In well completion, stimulation, and reconditioning, acetic acid is used as a perforating fluid, stimulation treatment, and a weak aqueous solution to remove emulsions and water blocks. Its low corrosivity and ease of handling make it a practical alternative to hydrochloric acid.

Textile Dyeing: Glacial acetic acid is used in textile dyeing processes to adjust pH levels and improve dye penetration and fastness.